Breathing Exercises (Asthma: Therapy)

Nasal breathing, mouth and nasal breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, slow breathing and Buteyko breathing are just a few of the different breathing techniques investigated for asthma. The variety of....

   Clinical Signs (High Ankle Sprain: Diagnosis)

Clinical testing remains of minimal value in diagnosis of the HAS. There are no studies available that examine the sensitivity and specificity of the following tests, so relative value is difficult....

   Exercise (Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Therapy)

As with all AIS studies, there is a lack of high-quality evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of exercise in reducing the progression of curves. A recent review (6) located only 11 studies, most....

   Exercise (Asthma: Therapy)

It is sometimes difficult to rate effectiveness of a treatment because different studies are looking for improvements in different areas. Exercise has been investigated to determine effect on lung....

   Exercise (Biomechanical Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Therapy)

Exercise has been a traditional approach to the treatment of BSJP but other than studies investigating muscle action and resulting motions (9;10), evidence for effectiveness is weak. Only 1 study was....

   Exercise (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Therapy)

Nerve and tendon gliding exercises trended toward being effective in 1 RCT which compared exercise plus a wrist splint in the treatment group to a wrist splint only group. Combined therapy showed....

   Exercise (Cervicogenic Headache: Therapy)

Only limited investigations of exercise as an intervention in the treatment of CH have been performed. One study combined exercise with spinal manipulation and found the higher the patient’s headache....

   Exercise (Fibromyalgia: Therapy)

Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been performed which demonstrate efficacy for both resistance and aerobic exercises (3-5). Exercises should begin just below patient capacity and....

   Exercise (Osteoarthritis: Therapy)

In 2004 an expert committee, after a thorough review of the literature, published a consensus document which concluded strengthening and aerobic exercise can reduce pain and improve function in hip....

   Exercise (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Therapy)

Exercise, as with all interventions for PFPS, has conflicting evidence as to its efficacy. Some authors even question muscle weakness as a cause of PFPS (2). A 2003 Cochrane (3) review of 12....

   Exercise (Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Therapy)

A 2003 Cochrane Review found exercise to be effective in both the short and long term for shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) (1). A separate review, published in 2004 concluded therapeutic exercises....

   Exercise and Posture Training (Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: Therapy)

Although the number and quality of the studies performed in this area are less than desired, exercise and postural training have been associated with improvement of myogenic TMD pain in several....

   Exercise/Stretching (Tennis Elbow: Therapy)

Only limited investigations of exercise/stretching as an intervention in the treatment of LE have been performed. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found information lacking but stated....

   Functional Treatment (High Ankle Sprain: Therapy)

A variety of specific interventions have been reported although rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE) appear to be a consistent starting phase in the literature (4-6). This period lasts from 1....

   Functional Treatment (Lateral Ankle Sprain: Therapy)

Functional treatment consists of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), a short period of immobilization and protection with a brace or elastic bandage. This is followed by early range of motion....

   Infraspinatus Muscle Strength Test (Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Diagnosis)

"Performed with the patient standing, the elbow flexed to 90° and the arm adducted to the trunk in neutral rotation. The examiner applies an internal rotation force to the arm while the patient....

   Lower Extremity Weakness (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Prevention)

Weakness of the quadriceps (4) and weakness of hip abductors (5) have been identified as risk factors. A systematic review in 2009 concluded there is “strong evidence for a decrease in hip external....

   Manual Therapy (Osteoarthritis: Therapy)

A RCT of 83 patients was performed which compared manual therapy and exercise to a placebo control group (subtherapeutic ultrasound) in the treatment of knee OA. Manual therapy was defined as passive....

   Muscle Strength (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Diagnosis)

A systematic review by Prins and Wurff of females found strong evidence that weakness of hip external rotation, abduction and extension were associated with PFPS. Moderate evidence was found for hip....

   Other (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Therapy)

Many other interventions have been touted as treatments for ADHD but have limited evidence to support efficacy. These include music therapy (44;45), noise therapy (46), movement....

   Other (Lumbar Facet Pain: Therapy)

Other interventions are commonly used in LFMP but there is little documentation in the scientific literature to verify their efficacy. These interventions include exercise therapy, electrotherapy,....

   Other Interventions (Acute Juvenile Cervical Torticollis: Therapy)

Several other interventions have been reported. These include moxibustion (21), electrotherapy (22) infrasonic sound therapy (18) and spray and stretch (23).

   Pain Free Grip Strength (Tennis Elbow: Diagnosis)

Very few diagnostic procedures have been tested for reliability. In a single study pain-free grip strength was found to be highly reliable. The authors of the study recommended pain-free grip....

   Proprioceptive-Excercise Training (Dizziness of Cervical Origin: Therapy)

Several studies have been performed that demonstrate the effectivness of proprioceptive-exercise training. These trials are generally smaller in size and propriceptive training was often included as....

   Running Activities (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Prevention)

The most consistent risk factor for PFPS identified in the literature is running. According to a recent study of 2002 running injuries, females under the age of 34 who run more than five hours per....

   Strength Testing (Acute Whiplash Injuries: Diagnosis)

One study of 71 patients concluded that AWI patients had less cervical flexor endurance than non-injured patients. Unfortunately the endurance ratings of the normal control group overlapped with the....

   Strength Training (Acute Whiplash Injuries: Therapy)

A 2005 Cochrane review concluded that strengthening and stretching exercise programs should concentrate on the cervical and shoulder-thoracic area to be effective. Included in this recommendation was....

   Stretching (Myofascial Pain Syndromes: Therapy)

There are several options available to the clinician within the category of stretching to reduce MTrPs. An incomplete list would include spray and stretch, postisometric relaxation, contract-relax,....

   Stretching (Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Therapy)

No clinical trials were located related to stretching as a stand alone therapy. However clinical and antedotal evidence suggests lateral upper leg stretching is an effective approach to treatment....

   Stretching (Plantar Fasciitis: Therapy)

The first treatment option would be stretching of the plantar fascia by actively extending the toes or stretching the Achilles tendon.Several studies have shown this approach to be an effective....

   Supraspinatus Muscle Strength Test AKA Empty Can Test AKA Jobe's Test (Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Diagnosis)

"The shoulder is abducted to 90° then internally rotated and brought into 30° forward flexion by the examiner, with the thumb pointing downward. The patient abducts the arm against the examiners....