Exercise Therapy

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Exercise Therapy

In the early 20^th century R. Tait McKenzie began the process of using exercise as an active treatment for disease and injury rather than to merely maintain heath (1). Exercise therapy is a structured and repetitive physical activity that is utilized to improve function, improve fitness or provide rehabilitation. This category includes aerobic, anaerobic stretching and water exercise, etc.

(1) Moore GE. The role of exercise prescription in chronic disease. Br J Sports Med 2004 Feb;38(1):6-7.

Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Information

MeSH Term: Exercise Therapy

Scope Note: A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.

MeSH Synonyms:

Exercise Therapy
Therapy, Exercise
Exercise Therapies
Therapies, Exercise

Applicable MeSH Subheadings:

adverse effects
classification
complications
contraindications
economics
education
epidemiology
ethics
etiology
history
instrumentation
legislation and jurisprudence
manpower
methods
mortality
nursing
organization and administration
pharmacology
psychology
standards
statistics and numerical data
supply and distribution
therapeutic use
therapy
trends
utilization
veterinary

See Related MeSH Terms:

One-Click Literature Search

Exercise Therapy AND Contraindications

Exercise Therapy AND Methods

Exercise Therapy AND Utilization

Informative Links

Chiropractic Health Care Section of the APHA

The Chiropractic Health Care Section of the APHA (APHA-CHC) founded in 1995, has maintained a critical role in public health issues such as wellness, health promotion and disease prevention in the context of chiropractic policies and practices.

Current Clinical Trials Relating to Exercise Therapy

ClinicalTrials.gov: Provides patients, family members, and members of the public easy and free access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Supervised Exercise Therapy vs Home Exercises for Patients With Subacromial Impingement

(Status: Completed)

Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Exercise, or Flexibility and Relaxation Training in Inactive Older Female Breast Cancer Survivors

(Status: Active, not recruiting)

Study of Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercise in the Shoulder Impingement Syndrome in Comparison With Traditional Therapeutic Exercise

(Status: Completed)

Empowerment of Lung and Heart-lung Transplant Patients

(Status: Not yet recruiting)

Reaching Exercise Goals: Comparison of Exercise Means in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis

(Status: Completed)

Manual Therapy and Exercise Versus Home Exercises in the Management of Patients Status Post Ankle Sprain

(Status: Recruiting)

Chiropractic and Exercise for Seniors With Neck Pain

(Status: Completed)

BHS5 - Testing the Effectiveness of the Exercise Plus Program

(Status: Completed)

Conventional Home Exercise Programs Versus Electronic Home Exercise Versus Artificial Intelligence "Virtual Therapy" for Anterior Knee Pain

(Status: Recruiting)

The Impact of Exercise Counseling on Exercise Behavior in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial

(Status: Completed)

The McKenzie System With Arthritic Knees: Do Some Knees Respond to Specific Exercise More Than General or no Exercise

(Status: Active, not recruiting)

Influence of Cardio-ventilatory Factors on Exercise Intolerance in Obese Adolescents: Effects of Exercise Training

(Status: Completed)

SCOPE-Study: Salzburg Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- Exercise and Oxygen Study

(Status: Recruiting)

Stretching and Strengthening Exercise in Fibromyalgia Patients

(Status: Completed)

Exercise and Metformin in Colorectal and Breast Cancer Survivors

(Status: Recruiting)

Effect of the Otago Programme Delivered as Home Exercise or Group Exercise

(Status: Completed)

Validation of an Exercise DVD for Maintenance After Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

(Status: Recruiting)

The Impact of High Intensity Exercise Upon EPC Number and Function in Young Women

(Status: Not yet recruiting)

Exercise Intensity, Glycemic Control and Abdominal Fat in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

(Status: Completed)

Motivational Interventions for Lifestyle and Exercise in College Students

(Status: Completed)

20 Clinical Trials Returned

Dogs to the Rescue

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Dogs have a great capacity to assist humans and have historically played many roles in their synergistic relationship with us. There are a reported 78 million dogs in the United States and 40% of U.S. households have at least one dog, so their impact on our lives should not be underestimated.

ChiroACCESS |

May 25, 2012

Manipulation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is on track to become the third leading cause of death by 2020. For those millions that have already developed COPD, chiropractors have several opportunities to assist in preventing and controlling the symptoms related to this disease.

ChiroACCESS |

April 3, 2012

The Key May Be In The Muscles

Anthony L. Rosner, Ph.D., LL.D.[Hon.], LLC

It was no less a personage than Thomas Edison who once opined, “Great ideas originate in the muscles.” Roll the tape forward some 75 years, and one starts to observe an interesting parallel in functional medicine.

No Affiliation |

March 9, 2012

Exercise and Brain Health

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

As U.S. public continues to set new levels for sedentary lifestyle and obesity, we have the strongest evidence in human history of the critical role of exercise in supporting human health.

ChiroACCESS |

February 21, 2012

The Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Primary prevention of cancers is a serious challenge but there are numerous studies that provide a reason for optimism. Although factors outside our control like genetics can play a role as a breast cancer risk, women as well as men can actively engage in behaviors that have been demonstrated to be extremely important in preventing breast and other cancers.

ChiroACCESS |

November 8, 2010

Exercise and Fitness Linked to Healthy Peripheral Nervous System

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Research demonstrates that obesity is related to the health of the peripheral nervous system. In the July issue of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise a study documents the positive effects that exercise can make in peripheral nerve function of obese adults.

ChiroACCESS |

July 26, 2010

Exercise and the Prevention of Low Back Pain

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Many occupations in modern society require prolonged sitting which has been shown to be a risk factor for low back pain. There are numerous studies that suggest that exercise can play an important role in preventing occupational and non-occupational low back pain.

ChiroACCESS |

May 13, 2010

Pedometers: A Small Thing With a Big Impact

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

In a review of past research published in JAMA, the authors concluded that "In the RCTs, pedometer users significantly increased their physical activity by 2491 steps per day more than control participants (95% confidence interval [CI], 1098-3885 steps per day, P < .001). Among the observational studies, pedometer users significantly increased their physical activity by 2183 steps per day over baseline (95% CI, 1571-2796 steps per day, P < .0001)..."

ChiroACCESS |

February 22, 2010

Sports Injuries and Stretching

ChiroACCESS Editorial Staff

Watching the Olympic Games and other international sports venues demonstrates the global use of pre-competition warm-up and stretching exercises by athletes. Athletic trainers often assist athletes in their stretching routines. The expected benefits of stretching include increased flexibility and injury prevention. Often common beliefs and practices conflict with the scientific evidence and this is true to some extent with stretching. Although the use of stretching does provide some temporary increase in flexibility, the literature suggests that overall it does not help prevent sports injuries. As stated in a 2008 systematic review of the literature, “There is moderate to strong evidence that routine application of static stretching does not reduce overall injury rates.”

ChiroACCESS |

January 4, 2010

Recommending Physical Activity as Prevention

Marion Willard Evans, Jr., DC, PhD, MCHES, CWP

Physical activity (PA) is critical for the health of humans. The lack of PA leads to increased risks for a variety of diseases and is associated with overall premature mortality as well. As of 2009, rates of obesity in the United States (US) have increased 129% since 1990. This is partially due to lack of PA by many Americans. Unfortunately, the US is in the middle of an escalating pandemic of obesity and sedentary lifestyle leading to unprecedented challenges for health care providers who want to see patients they treat reach a stable level of better health. All health care professionals should do what they can to encourage regular PA in all of the patients they treat and when possible, directly cue those patients to take action. They must not only recognize those at high risk for disease related to little or no PA but must also prepare to assess and recommend regular PA to all patients whether they look like they need activity or not.

Parker College of Chiropractic Research Institute |

December 1, 2009

Breathing Exercises

(Asthma: Therapy)

Nasal breathing, mouth and nasal breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, slow breathing and Buteyko breathing are just a few of the different breathing techniques investigated for asthma. The variety of....

Published On

February 11, 2009

Breathing Exercises

(Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Therapy)

A part of most treatment protocols is to insure the patient is breathing properly. Paradoxical breathing is thought to contribute to TOS. Several authors include diaphragmatic breathing....

Published On

August 25, 2010

Chiropractic

(Costochondritis: Therapy)

Several case studies reported improvement of CC after multi-modal chiropractic intervention (2-5). All patients were seen on multiple visits, usually starting with 3 visits per week. ....

Published On

February 16, 2011

Clinical Signs

(High Ankle Sprain: Diagnosis)

Clinical testing remains of minimal value in diagnosis of the HAS. There are no studies available that examine the sensitivity and specificity of the following tests, so relative value is difficult....

Published On

May 10, 2008

Exercise

(Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Therapy)

As with all AIS studies, there is a lack of high-quality evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of exercise in reducing the progression of curves. A recent review (6) located only 11 studies, most....

Published On

January 14, 2008

Exercise

(Asthma: Therapy)

It is sometimes difficult to rate effectiveness of a treatment because different studies are looking for improvements in different areas. Exercise has been investigated to determine effect on lung....

Published On

February 11, 2009

Exercise

(Biomechanical Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Therapy)

Exercise has been a traditional approach to the treatment of BSJP but other than studies investigating muscle action and resulting motions (9;10), evidence for effectiveness is weak. Only 1 study was....

Published On

June 25, 2007

Exercise

(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Therapy)

Nerve and tendon gliding exercises trended toward being effective in 1 RCT which compared exercise plus a wrist splint in the treatment group to a wrist splint only group. Combined therapy showed....

Published On

March 31, 2009

Exercise

(Cervicogenic Headache: Therapy)

Only limited investigations of exercise as an intervention in the treatment of CH have been performed. One study combined exercise with spinal manipulation and found the higher the patient’s headache....

Published On

January 2, 2007

Exercise

(Essential Hypertension: Therapy)

Clear evidence is available in the literature that demonstrates exercise is an effective method to lower blood pressure. A 2002 meta-analysis of 54 RCT’s concluded Published On

July 6, 2010

Exercise

(Fibromyalgia: Therapy)

Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been performed which demonstrate efficacy for both resistance and aerobic exercises (3-5). Exercises should begin just below patient capacity and....

Published On

October 1, 2006

Exercise

(Osteoarthritis: Therapy)

In 2004 an expert committee, after a thorough review of the literature, published a consensus document which concluded strengthening and aerobic exercise can reduce pain and improve function in hip....

Published On

February 28, 2007

Exercise

(Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Therapy)

Exercise, as with all interventions for PFPS, has conflicting evidence as to its efficacy. Some authors even question muscle weakness as a cause of PFPS (2). A 2003 Cochrane (3) review of 12....

Published On

June 18, 2009

Exercise

(Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Therapy)

A 2003 Cochrane Review found exercise to be effective in both the short and long term for shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) (1). A separate review, published in 2004 concluded therapeutic exercises....

Published On

January 7, 2008

Exercise

(Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Therapy)

Exercise is a common component of most treatment protocols for TOS. Strengthening of the upper trapezius (3;11), serratus anterior (4;11), levator scapula (3;12) and general shoulder girdle....

Published On

August 25, 2010

Exercise and Posture Training

(Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: Therapy)

Although the number and quality of the studies performed in this area are less than desired, exercise and postural training have been associated with improvement of myogenic TMD pain in several....

Published On

September 23, 2010

Exercise/Stretching

(Tennis Elbow: Therapy)

Only limited investigations of exercise/stretching as an intervention in the treatment of LE have been performed. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found information lacking but stated....

Published On

December 1, 2006

Functional Treatment

(High Ankle Sprain: Therapy)

A variety of specific interventions have been reported although rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE) appear to be a consistent starting phase in the literature (4-6). This period lasts from 1....

Published On

June 16, 2008

Functional Treatment

(Lateral Ankle Sprain: Therapy)

Functional treatment consists of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), a short period of immobilization and protection with a brace or elastic bandage. This is followed by early range of motion....

Published On

May 21, 2008

Infraspinatus Muscle Strength Test

(Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Diagnosis)

"Performed with the patient standing, the elbow flexed to 90° and the arm adducted to the trunk in neutral rotation. The examiner applies an internal rotation force to the arm while the patient....

Published On

February 15, 2008

Lack of Physical Activity

(Essential Hypertension: Prevention)

Large population studies have established a strong inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of hypertension (13;14). Intervention studies have confirmed this relationship. Kokkinos....

Published On

April 12, 2010

Lower Extremity Weakness

(Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Prevention)

Weakness of the quadriceps (4) and weakness of hip abductors (5) have been identified as risk factors. A systematic review in 2009 concluded there is “strong evidence for a decrease in hip external....

Published On

June 4, 2009

Manual Therapy

(Osteoarthritis: Therapy)

A RCT of 83 patients was performed which compared manual therapy and exercise to a placebo control group (subtherapeutic ultrasound) in the treatment of knee OA. Manual therapy was defined as passive....

Published On

February 28, 2007

Muscle Strength

(Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Diagnosis)

A systematic review by Prins and Wurff of females found strong evidence that weakness of hip external rotation, abduction and extension were associated with PFPS. Moderate evidence was found for hip....

Published On

June 15, 2009

Other

(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Therapy)

Many other interventions have been touted as treatments for ADHD but have limited evidence to support efficacy. These include music therapy (44;45), noise therapy (46), movement....

Published On
November 5, 2009

Other

(Lumbar Facet Pain: Therapy)

Other interventions are commonly used in LFMP but there is little documentation in the scientific literature to verify their efficacy. These interventions include exercise therapy, electrotherapy,....

Published On

August 11, 2008

Other Interventions

(Acute Juvenile Cervical Torticollis: Therapy)

Several other interventions have been reported. These include moxibustion (21), electrotherapy (22) infrasonic sound therapy (18) and spray and stretch (23).

Published On

May 21, 2009

Pain Free Grip Strength

(Tennis Elbow: Diagnosis)

Very few diagnostic procedures have been tested for reliability. In a single study pain-free grip strength was found to be highly reliable. The authors of the study recommended pain-free grip....

Published On

December 1, 2006

Physical Activity

(Costochondritis: Prevention)

Repetitive or sustained activities such as pulling, pushing, heavy lifting or repeated activities using the arms can result in CC (1). Rovetta et al state that unaccustomed physical activity is....

Published On

December 1, 2010

Proprioceptive-Excercise Training

(Dizziness of Cervical Origin: Therapy)

Several studies have been performed that demonstrate the effectivness of proprioceptive-exercise training. These trials are generally smaller in size and propriceptive training was often included as....

Published On

August 2, 2007

Running Activities

(Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Prevention)

The most consistent risk factor for PFPS identified in the literature is running. According to a recent study of 2002 running injuries, females under the age of 34 who run more than five hours per....

Published On

June 4, 2009

Strength Testing

(Acute Whiplash Injuries: Diagnosis)

One study of 71 patients concluded that AWI patients had less cervical flexor endurance than non-injured patients. Unfortunately the endurance ratings of the normal control group overlapped with the....

Published On

May 1, 2007

Strength Training

(Acute Whiplash Injuries: Therapy)

A 2005 Cochrane review concluded that strengthening and stretching exercise programs should concentrate on the cervical and shoulder-thoracic area to be effective. Included in this recommendation was....

Published On

May 1, 2007

Stretching

(Myofascial Pain Syndromes: Therapy)

There are several options available to the clinician within the category of stretching to reduce MTrPs. An incomplete list would include spray and stretch, postisometric relaxation, contract-relax,....

Published On

September 2, 2007

Stretching

(Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Therapy)

No clinical trials were located related to stretching as a stand alone therapy. However clinical and antedotal evidence suggests lateral upper leg stretching is an effective approach to treatment....

Published On

June 18, 2009

Stretching

(Plantar Fasciitis: Therapy)

The first treatment option would be stretching of the plantar fascia by actively extending the toes or stretching the Achilles tendon.Several studies have shown this approach to be an effective....

Published On

September 1, 2006

Stretching

(Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Therapy)

Most experts agree stretching combined with strengthening exercises is necessary to correct postural imbalances. Specific muscle groups that often require stretching include the scalenes,....

Published On

August 25, 2010

Supraspinatus Muscle Strength Test AKA Empty Can Test AKA Jobe's Test

(Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Diagnosis)

"The shoulder is abducted to 90° then internally rotated and brought into 30° forward flexion by the examiner, with the thumb pointing downward. The patient abducts the arm against the examiners....

Published On

February 15, 2008

Weight Reduction

(Essential Hypertension: Therapy)

Of the conservative methods to achieve reductions in blood pressure, some of the most consistent effects are achieved through weight reduction. Several....

Published On

July 6, 2010

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